Introduction
If you've built Android apps with Room, you already think in a layered persistence model: entities define your schema, DAOs handle queries, repositories abstract the data layer, and ViewModels stay completely ignorant of the database. It's clean, testable, and scalable.
When you cross to iOS and reach for local persistence, you hit a wall. Core Data is powerful but infamous for its boilerplate and threading pitfalls. SwiftData is promising but young. GRDB (a Swift SQLite toolkit) is arguably the best option available today: fast, type-safe, well-maintained, and built around Swift concurrency. However, it ships with no official architecture pattern. The documentation shows you the API but doesn't tell you how to structure a real app.
This tutorial fills that gap. We'll build a production-ready GRDB architecture from scratch, layer by layer, using the same mental model Room developers already know: entity → DAO → repository → ViewModel. By the end, your ViewModel will read and write data with a single async call, with no GRDB imports, no threading concerns, and no setup boilerplate at the call site.
Here's what we'll build:
- A
MyDataBasesingleton that owns the connection and exposes all DAOs - A
MyEntitythat handles its own schema, migration, and non-primitive type encoding - A
MyDaowith clean reader/writer separation - A
MyRepositoryImplas the single data entry point - A ViewModel that calls the repository as if persistence doesn't exist
Setting Up the Database MyDatabase
The foundation of the entire architecture is a single file: MyDatabase.swift. This is the equivalent of Room's RoomDatabase subclass. It owns the connection, runs migrations, and exposes every DAO. Everything else in the stack depends on it.
Creating the database file
GRDB connects to SQLite through a DatabasePool—the right choice for any production app because it allows multiple concurrent reads while serializing writes. We point it at the app's Application Support directory, which is the correct location for user-generated data on iOS (it is not visible to the user and is backed up by iCloud by default).
struct MyDatabase {
let writer: DatabaseWriter
init(_ writer: DatabaseWriter) throws {
self.writer = writer
try migrator.migrate(writer)
}
var reader: DatabaseReader {
writer
}
}
Two things worth noting here. First, writer is typed as DatabaseWriter and reader as a DatabaseReader which are GRDB protocols, not concrete types. This matters for testing: you can swap DatabasePool for an in-memory DatabaseQueue without changing any downstream code. Second reader simply returns writer. DatabasePool conforms to both protocols, so this costs nothing while keeping the read/write intent explicit at every call site.
The shared singleton
extension MyDatabase {
static let shared = createShared()
static func createShared() -> MyDatabase {
do {
let fileManager = FileManager()
let folder = try fileManager.url(
for: .applicationSupportDirectory,
in: .userDomainMask,
appropriateFor: nil,
create: true
).appendingPathComponent("database", isDirectory:true)
try fileManager.createDirectory(at: folder, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
let databaseURL = folder.appendingPathComponent("yourAppName.sqlite")
let writer = try DatabasePool(path: databaseURL.path)
return try MyDatabase(writer)
}
catch{
fatalError(error.localizedDescription)
}
}
}
The fatalError on failure is intentional. If the database cannot be created at launch, the app has no recoverable state, failing loudly is the right call here, and it mirrors what Room does under the hood when misconfigured.
Registering the DAOs
Once the shared instance exists, DAOs are registered as static properties on MyDatabase itself:
extension MyDatabase {
static let myDao = MyDao(
reader: shared.reader,
writer: shared.writer
)
}
This means any layer of the app can access MyDatabase.myDao without passing the database instance around. We'll build the DAO itself in part 5. For now, think of these static properties as the switchboard that connects the database connection to every data access object in the app.
Defining an Entity MyEntity
In Room, an entity is a data class annotated with @Entity. GRDB's equivalent is a Swift struct that conforms to two protocols:FetchableRecord for reading rows from the database, and PersistableRecord for writing them back. Add Codable to get serialization for primitive fields.
struct MyEntity: Codable, FetchableRecord, PersistableRecord {
let userId: String
let rating: Double
let photos: [String]
let city: [String: String]
static let databaseTableName = "MyEntity"
static let persistenceConflictPolicy = PersistenceConflictPolicy(
insert: .replace
)
}
databaseTableName maps the struct to its SQLite table — GRDB's equivalent of Room's tableName parameter. persistenceConflictPolicy set to .replace means any insert on an existing primary key silently upserts rather than throwing. This is the right default for a cache that syncs from a remote source: you always want the latest data to win.
Type-safe column references
Rather than scattering raw string literals across queries, we declare columns once as a nested enum:
public enum Columns {
static let userId = Column("userId")
static let rating = Column("rating")
static let photos = Column("photos")
static let city = Column("city")
}
Column is a GRDB type that participates in the query builder. Referencing Columns.userId instead of "userId" everywhere means a rename is a single change.
Handling non-primitive types
This is where GRDB diverges from Room and requires explicit handling. SQLite has no native type for [String] or [Sting: String] everything must be stored as text, integer, real, or blob. Room handles this with @TypeConverter; GRDB leaves it to you.
The solution is to JSON-encode complex types on write and decode them on read:
extension MyEntity {
static func encodeDictionary(_ dict: [String: String]) throws -> String {
let data = try JSONEncoder().encode(dict)
return String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) ?? "{}"
}
static func decodeDictionary(_ string: String) throws -> [String: String] {
guard let data = string.data(using: .utf8) else { return [:] }
return try JSONDecoder().decode([String: String].self, from: data)
}
static func encodeArray(_ array: [String]) throws -> String {
let data = try JSONEncoder().encode(array)
return String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) ?? "[]"
}
static func decodeArray(_ string: String) throws -> [String] {
guard let data = string.data(using: .utf8) else { return [] }
return try JSONDecoder().decode([String].self, from: data)
}
}
These helpers are static on the entity itself, the same place Room developers would put a TypeConverter companion. They're called inside the two protocol methods that GRDB requires you to implement manually when your type has non-primitive fields.
Writing to the database encode(to:)
extension MyEntity {
public func encode(to container: inout PersistenceContainer) throws {
container[Columns.userId] = userId
container[Columns.rating] = rating
container[Columns.photos] = try MyEntity.encodeArray(photos)
container[Columns.city] = try MyEntity.encodeDictionary(city)
}
}
Primitive fields are assigned directly. Non-primitive fields go through the encode helpers first. GRDB calls this method automatically on every write; you never call it yourself.
Reading from the database — init(row:)
extension MyEntity {
public init(row: Row) throws {
userId = row[Columns.userId]
rating = row[Columns.rating]
photos = try MyEntity.decodeArray(row[Columns.photos])
city = try MyEntity.decodeDictionary(row[Columns.city])
}
}
The mirror image of encode. GRDB calls this whenever it materializes a row into your type — fetchAll, fetchOne, anywhere. The decode helpers reverse exactly what encode wrote.
Owning the schema
The last piece is createTable, which lives as a static method on the entity itself:
static func createTable(_ db: Database) throws {
try db.create(table: databaseTableName) { t in
t.column(Columns.userId.name, .text).primaryKey()
t.column(Columns.rating.name, .text).notNull()
t.column(Columns.photos.name, .text).notNull()
t.column(Columns.city.name, .text).notNull()
}
}
Keeping createTable on the entity means the schema definition and the type that represents it live in the same file. When you add a column, you update the struct, the Columns enum, the encode/decode methods, and the table definition all in one place — the same discipline Room enforces through its annotation processor.
Migrations — DatabaseMigrator
In Room, migrations are defined as Migration objects passed to the database builder. GRDB's equivalent is DatabaseMigrator — a value type you configure with named migration blocks, then run against the database connection. The key property that makes it production-safe is that each migration runs exactly once, identified by its name. GRDB tracks which migrations have already been applied and skips them on subsequent launches.
We add the migrator as a computed property on MyDatabase:
extension MyDatabase {
var migrator: DatabaseMigrator {
var migrator = DatabaseMigrator()
#if DEBUG
migrator.eraseDatabaseOnSchemaChange = true
#endif
migrator.registerMigration("v1") { db in
try MyEntity.createTable(db)
}
return migrator
}
}
This is called in the MyDatabase initializer we wrote in part 2:
init(_ writer: DatabaseWriter) throws {
self.writer = writer
try migrator.migrate(writer)
}
So by the time MyDatabase.shared is ready, the schema is guaranteed to exist.
Adding future migrations
When your schema needs to change after shipping, you register a new named block alongside the existing one:
migrator.registerMigration("v1") { db in
// original schema — never touch this
}
migrator.registerMigration("v2") { db in
try db.alter(table: "MyEntity") { t in
t.add(column: "age", .text)
}
}
The names are the contract. GRDB stores them in a internal grdb_migrations table and uses them to determine what has and hasn't run. Renaming a migration that has already shipped is the same as deleting it — GRDB will try to run it again on existing installs and likely fail. Treat migration names as append-only.
The DAO Layer — MyDao
In Room, a DAO is an interface annotated with @Dao — Room generates the implementation for you at compile time. In GRDB there's no code generation, so the DAO is a plain Swift class you write yourself. The pattern is the same: one class, one entity, all database access for that entity goes through it and nowhere else.
Constructor injection of reader and writer
class MyDao {
private let reader: DatabaseReader
private let writer: DatabaseWriter
init(reader: DatabaseReader, writer: DatabaseWriter) {
self.reader = reader
self.writer = writer
}
}
This is the most important structural decision in the DAO. By accepting DatabaseReader and DatabaseWriter as protocols rather than a concrete DatabasePool, the DAO is completely decoupled from the database setup. In tests you pass an in-memory DatabaseQueue; in production you pass the shared DatabasePool. The DAO itself never knows the difference.
The separation also enforces intent at every method signature. If a method takes only reader, it provably cannot write. If it takes only writer, it provably cannot run a read on the wrong connection. This is the threading discipline GRDB is designed around.
Read operations
func getSingleUser(_ userId: String) async throws -> MyEntity? {
return try await reader.read { db in
try MyEntity.fetchOne(db, sql: "SELECT * FROM MyEntity WHERE userId = ?", arguments: [userId])
}
}
func getAllAvailableUsers() async throws -> [MyEntity] {
return try await reader.read { db in
try MyEntity.fetchAll(db)
}
}
reader.read schedules the closure on GRDB's internal reader queue — concurrent with other reads, never blocking writes. The async/await surface means the call site looks like any other async Swift function. There are no completion handlers, no DispatchQueue juggling, no @escaping closures to reason about.
fetchOne returns an optional — nil if no row matches. fetchAll returns an empty array if the table is empty. Neither throws on an empty result, only on a genuine database error. That distinction matters when you're deciding whether to show an empty state or an error state in the UI.
Write operations
func insertUsers(_ usersList: [MyEntity]) async throws {
try await writer.write { db in
for user in usersList {
try user.save(db, onConflict: .replace)
}
}
}
func deleteAllUsers() async throws {
try await writer.write { db in
try MyEntity.deleteAll(db)
}
}
func updateUsers(_ usersList: [MyEntity]) async throws {
try await writer.write { db in
try MyEntity.deleteAll(db)
for user in usersList {
try user.save(db, onConflict: .replace)
}
}
}
writer.write serializes the closure — only one write runs at a time, always. Everything inside a single write block is an atomic transaction: if any operation throws, the entire block rolls back automatically. This is why updateUsers deletes all rows and reinserts in the same block — either both operations succeed together or neither does. You never end up with a half-replaced dataset.
save(onConflict: .replace) is a per-call override that works alongside the entity-level persistenceConflictPolicy we set in part 3. They do the same thing here — but spelling it out at the call site makes the intent explicit to anyone reading the DAO later.
Registering the DAO on MyDatabase
Back in MyDatabase, we wire everything together:
extension MyDatabase {
static let myDao = MyDao(
reader: shared.reader,
writer: shared.writer
)
}
From this point forward, nothing in the app ever instantiates MyDao directly or touches a DatabaseReader or DatabaseWriter outside of this file. The DAO is the last layer that knows GRDB exists.
The pattern is identical for every other entity — UserDao, ChatDao, FilterDao, AnyDao — same constructor, same reader/writer split, same async throws surface. That's the payoff of the architecture: adding a new entity is mechanical.
The Repository Layer — MyRepositoryImpl
If the DAO is the last layer that knows GRDB exists, the repository is the first layer that doesn't. Its job is simple: receive calls from the ViewModel, delegate to the DAO, and return results. No database logic, no SQL, no GRDB imports visible to anything above it.
class MyRepositoryImpl {
private let myDao: MyDao
init(db: MyDatabase = .shared) {
self.myDao = MyDatabase.myDao
}
}
The default argument db: MyDatabase = .shared means the ViewModel can instantiate the repository with no arguments in production, while tests can pass an alternative database instance. The repository itself never holds a reference to the database — only to the DAO it needs.
Delegating reads
func getSingleUser(userId: String) async throws -> MyEntity? {
return try await myDao.getSingleUser(userId)
}
func getAllAvailableUsers() async throws -> [MyEntity] {
return try await myDao.getAllAvailableUsers()
}
These are pure pass-throughs and that's intentional. The repository's value isn't in transforming data at this layer — it's in being the seam where you could add caching, logging, or remote fallback later without the ViewModel ever knowing. Today it delegates; tomorrow it could check a remote source first and fall back to local. The ViewModel call site doesn't change either way.
Delegating writes
func replaceUsers(usersList: [MyEntity]) async throws {
try await myDao.updateUsers(usersList)
}
func insertUsers(usersList: [MyEntity]) async throws {
try await myDao.insertUsers(usersList)
}
func deleteAllUsers() async throws {
try await myDao.deleteAllUsers()
}
Notice the method names are business-language rather than database-language. The ViewModel calls replaceUsers — it doesn't need to know that "replace" means delete-all then reinsert inside an atomic write block. That translation lives in the DAO. The repository just gives it a name the rest of the app can reason about.
Error handling strategy
Every method here is async throws. The repository does not swallow errors — it lets them propagate up to the ViewModel, which is the right place to decide what to show the user. The one exception is methods where a missing result is a valid state rather than an error:
func getAllUsers() async -> [MyEntity]? {
do {
return try await myDao.getAllAvailableUsers()
} catch {
return nil
}
}
This is a deliberate choice — returning nil here signals "something went wrong, show nothing" without forcing the ViewModel into a catch block for a non-critical read. Use it sparingly. For anything where the error should change UI state, let it throw.
Wiring to a ViewModel
This is where the architecture pays off. The ViewModel sits at the top of the stack and knows nothing below the repository. No GRDB imports, no database references, no threading setup. Just an async call and a state update.
The ViewModel
@MainActor
class MyViewModel: ObservableObject {
@Published var user: MyEntity?
@Published var isLoading: Bool = false
@Published var error: Error?
private let userId: String
private let myRepository: MyRepositoryImpl
init(
userId: String,
myRepository: MyRepositoryImpl = MyRepositoryImpl()
) {
self.userId = userId
self.myRepository = myRepository
}
}
@MainActor is the key annotation here. It guarantees every property update happens on the main thread automatically — no DispatchQueue.main.async wrappers, no await MainActor.run blocks scattered through the code. Swift enforces this at compile time. Combined with @Published, any state change the ViewModel makes is immediately safe to consume in a SwiftUI view.
The repository has a default argument in the initializer — in production SwiftUI previews and the app itself pass nothing, in tests you inject a repository backed by an in-memory database.
Reading data
extension MyViewModel {
func fetchUser() async {
isLoading = true
defer { isLoading = false }
do {
user = try await myRepository.getSingleUser(
userId: userId
)
} catch {
self.error = error
}
}
func fetchAllusers() async -> [MyEntity] {
do {
return try await myRepository.getAllAvailableUsers()
} catch {
self.error = error
return []
}
}
}
Writing data
extension MyViewModel {
func saveUsers(_ users: [MyEntity]) async {
do {
try await myRepository.replaceUsers(usersList: users)
} catch {
self.error = error
}
}
func clearUsers() async {
do {
try await myRepository.deleteAllUsers()
user = nil
} catch {
self.error = error
}
}
}
Consuming in a SwiftUI view
struct MyView: View {
@StateObject var viewModel: MyViewModel
var body: some View {
Group {
if viewModel.isLoading {
ProgressView()
} else if let user = viewModel.user {
VStack(alignment: .leading) {
Text(user.userId)
.font(.headline)
}
} else {
Text("No user found")
}
}
.onAppear{
Task{ await viewModel.fetchUser() }
}
}
}
Wrapping Up
Each layer has exactly one job and depends only on the layer below it. Adding a new entity means creating a new Entity, Dao, and RepositoryImpl following the same pattern — the rest of the stack stays untouched.
If you've built with Room on Android, this architecture will feel familiar. The layers and the separation of concerns translate naturally across platforms — GRDB gives you the same discipline, just in Swift.
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